Scripture
Where he actually appears. Daniel's prince who stands guard, the dispute over the body of Moses in Jude, and the war in heaven in Revelation 12, four short passages that generated everything else. Plus the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Book of Enoch and the apocrypha that filled in the rest.
Part of Saint Michael
31 moments in this segment.
- - Isaiah Scroll 1. The Great Isaiah Scroll from Qumran Cave 1, c. 2nd century BC; the Dead Sea Scrolls corpus includes the War Scroll, which names Michael as the prince who leads the sons of light.
- - Temple Scroll. The Temple Scroll from Qumran, 2nd century BC; part of the sectarian library that gives Michael a leading role in the eschatological war.
- - Yale: Apocalyptic and Resistance in the Book of Revelation. Yale New Testament lecture on the Apocalypse of John, the text containing the war in heaven in which Michael and his angels fight the dragon.
- - Yale: Visions of the End, Daniel and Apocalyptic Literature. Professor Christine Hayes's Yale lecture on the Book of Daniel, where Michael appears as the angelic prince of Israel, situating it in the apocalyptic literature of the Hellenistic crisis.
- - Lawrence Schiffman: The Dead Sea Scrolls and Judaism on the Eve of Christianity. Lecture at the Pontifical Gregorian University's Cardinal Bea Centre on the Qumran library and the Judaism that produced the War Scroll and its angelology.
- - Dead Sea Scrolls jars. Storage jars of the type in which the Dead Sea Scrolls were found at Qumran, photographed 2018.
- - Apocalypticism in Second Temple Literature and the New Testament. Conference paper at the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities marking the centenary of David Flusser, on apocalyptic thought in Second Temple Jewish and early Christian texts.
- - Exploring Qumran, the Dead Sea Scrolls Community. On-site archaeological survey of the settlement near the caves where the War Scroll and other sectarian texts were found.
- - Were the Gnostic Gospels Illegal?. Scholarly reassessment of the Nag Hammadi library, part of the apocryphal corpus in which archangel figures appear, and of the theory that the codices were a hidden illegal stash.
- - Yale Bible Study: Daniel and the Apocalyptic Genre. Professors Joel Baden and John Collins discuss the genre conventions of Daniel, the Hebrew Bible book in which Michael is first named.
- - Yale Bible Study: Daniel 10-12, A Vision of an Angel. Baden and Collins on Daniel 10-12, the passage where Michael is called one of the chief princes and the protector of Daniel's people.
- - The so-called Copper Dead Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE. The Copper Scroll from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE, in the Jordan Museum; photographed 2020.
- - From Qumran to Jerusalem: The Significance of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Adolfo Roitman, curator of the Dead Sea Scrolls and head of the Shrine of the Book, lectures on the scrolls' importance for Judaism and Christianity.
- - The Book of Enoch Explained. Religious studies scholar Andrew Henry surveys 1 Enoch, the Second Temple text whose Book of the Watchers shapes later angelology and names Michael among the chief angels.
- - A Lecture on the Dead Sea War Scroll. Rabbi Steven Saks's lecture on the War Scroll, part of a series presenting the Qumran texts as a window into late Second Temple Judaism.
- - The War Scroll: Apocalyptic War Against Belial and the Sons of Darkness. Justin Sledge examines the Qumran War Scroll, in which Michael is raised as the prince of light leading the sons of light against the forces of Belial.
- - An Introduction to the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Webinar surveying the pseudepigraphal corpus, including the Testament of Abraham and Assumption of Moses traditions that mention Michael, and its place in Second Temple studies.
- - The Essenes and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Religious studies survey of the Qumran community and the scrolls, including the sectarian texts whose dualism sets angelic princes against Belial.
- - What Biblical Angels Actually Look Like. Academic explainer on how angels are described in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple literature, against the popular imagery that later accrued.
- - What Are Angels? A Historical Survey. John Hamer surveys early biblical understandings of angels and how the category later expanded, noting that nearly seven in ten US adults report believing in them.
- - Who Were the Nephilim?. Scholarly treatment of the Genesis 6 passage and its expansion in 1 Enoch, where Michael is one of the archangels sent against the Watchers.
- - John Collins on the Bible and the Apocalypse. Yale Divinity School interview on what the Bible actually says about the end of the world and how apocalyptic literature arose.
- - The Ascension of Isaiah and the Assumption of Moses. Long-form Orthodox reading of two Second Temple apocrypha, including the Assumption of Moses, the lost text ancient writers connected to the dispute over Moses's body in Jude 9.
- - John J. Collins on Apocalypticism in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Yale emeritus professor of Old Testament criticism lectures on apocalyptic thought in the Qumran texts, delivered at the 2023 Archaeology Discovery Weekend.
- - Miryam Brand on 1 Enoch and the Pseudepigrapha. Nehemia Gordon interviews scholar Miryam Brand on 1 Enoch, how a marginal Tanakh figure generated a large Second Temple literature, and its angelology.
- - Daniel 12: Resurrection and the Afterlife in the Old Testament. Ed Gallagher on Daniel 12, the chapter opening with Michael standing up as the great prince, and the first clear Hebrew Bible statement of resurrection.
- - Loren Stuckenbruck on the Book of the Watchers and Jude. Enoch specialist Loren Stuckenbruck discusses the Book of the Watchers, the Parables of Enoch and how New Testament writers such as Jude drew on Enochic material.
- - Ephraim Isaac on the Ethiopic Book of Enoch. Library of Congress lecture by the Ethiopic scholar who translated 1 Enoch, on the text preserved entire only in Ge'ez within the Ethiopian Orthodox canon.
- - Ian Paul on Why Revelation 12 Is the Book's Centre. New Testament scholar Ian Paul argues that the woman, dragon and male child of Revelation 12, the chapter containing the war in heaven, form the structural and theological centre of the Apocalypse.
- - The Book of Daniel, the Four Kingdoms and Imperial Eschatology. Historian Christopher Bonura discusses the reception of Daniel's four-kingdom scheme in medieval apocalyptic thought and how the Roman empire was fitted into it.
- - Reading 1 Enoch 1:9 in an Ethiopic Manuscript. Ge'ez language lesson reading the passage of 1 Enoch quoted at Jude 14-15 directly from an Ethiopic manuscript.
